2.       What was that difficulty about it and how would you suggest it could be improve?

3.       Name three things you learnt this term in COIS 20025?

4.       What carreer are you working towards?

5.       How will you be able to use knowledge and skill learnt in this course in your future carreer?

1.       The most difficult assessment I complited in COIS 20025 is assignment 1. I do have two reasons for this one Is professional and second one is personal.   I mean to say

I, face  and realise australian education is challenging and very informative and supportive towards acheving future goal. As indian student with NO knowledge of COIS 20025. I felt very difficulty in coveing up the subject at early stages.  Fortuanatily, with the help of fellow students (Friends) I managed to gain the basic knowledge of the subject.

And   forfunatily  I have good support from lecturer and Tutor. He supported me in very realistic manner and friendly . and with the help ofbooks in library and above mension people I gained confidance in this subject at Late early stage.

2.       As student with NO knowledge of COIS 20025. I felt very difficulty in coveing up the subject at early stages.  Fortuanatily, with the help of fellow students (Friends) I managed to gain the basic knowledge of the subject. I would like to suggest that ,  forming a team of small group of like minded  students  at least for early stages of assignment can help those and like me students to gain the knowledge of the subject.

3.       There are lot of things which gained from this course which I was dreaming about my future carreer at my bachelor level education. It is difficult for me discribe in few words (3 things)            

·         I learnt how to  plan a sytem according to bussiness needs

·         I learnt how to impliment  a plan

·         I learnt good manegement skills.

4.       From my school days I am willing to became Good manager of the reputed company,  and this courese is helped me acheving my goal I would like see my self as good System analyst  desiging good systems and implimenting bussiness needs in future.

5.       I have learnt in this course that, how to analysie  a problem, and then what needs to be to done overcome it. How to plan a new task. What is the best and safest way to impliment that plan. Good time and management skills. What are the qualities that a system analyst or disgener should prossess.

This will not only help me professional way but, also in personal life as well,  to succeed  in life  a person must possess these qualities.

1)      Corrective maintenance  (Performed to fix errors)

2)      Adaptive maintenance (Adds new capability and enhancements)

3)      Perfective maintenance (Improves efficiency)

4)      Preventive maintenance (Reduce the possibility of future system failure)

Corrective maintenance:

 Corrective maintenance is used to diagnosis and corrects errors in the operational system even in the original version of the system. It is often used to resolve issues which are created by the previous maintenance system changes. All maintenances work require careful analysis before making any changes the maintenance approach is scaled-down in the System development process any changes which can effect to the maintenances system should be performed in the first stage of the testing environment.

Adaptive maintenance:

Adaptive maintenance adds enhancement to the operating system and makes the system easier to use. An enhancement is a new feature to the system the need of the Adaptive maintenance arise when business environment changes occurs such as new products, services, technology and support for the web based operation

                The process of Adaptive maintenance is like routine corrosiveness to maintenances system   usually user sends a request that is evaluated and prioritized by the system review analyzers who handles the system

                The maintenance team who is responsible in analysis design test and implementations to the system Two types of maintenances are different in each others in adapting maintenance depend more on IT dept resources when complain to corrective maintenances.

Perfect maintenance:

Perfective maintenances involve changing an operational system to make it more efficient, reliable or maintainable it request for corrective and adaptive maintenance which normal comes from users.

                During system operation changes in user activity data pattern can cause decline in efficiency and perfective maintenance might be needed to restore performances.

                When user is concerned about performances then we should improve time and system efficiency it also improve system reliability. For example input problems which might cause a program to terminate abnormally. By modifying data entry process errors can be highlighted to notify the users that they must enter proper data. When a system is easier to maintain, support is less costly and less risky. In many cases in many cases you can simplify a complex program to improve maintainability.

                Perfective maintenances usually are cost-effective during the middle of the system’s operational life. Early in systems operation, perfective maintenance usually in not needed. Later perfective maintenances might be necessary. But have a high cost.

Preventive maintenance:

Preventive maintenance is requiring avoiding future problems in the system. To avoid problems preventive maintenance requires analysis of area where trouble is likely to occur. Preventative maintenance often results in increased user satisfaction, decreased down time and reduced TCO. Preventive maintenances compete for IT resources along with other projects, and sometimes do not receive the high priority that it deserves.

They are:

1)      Direct Cutover (it is like  throwing switch that instantly change over from old system to new system)

2)      Parallel Operation( it require both systems run simultaneously for a specified period)

3)      Pilot operation

4)      Phased Operation

Direct cutover:

This approach causes the changeover from the old system to the new system immediately when the new system became operational.

Advantages:

1)      This system is least expensive

2)      It is the most significant approach to use

Disadvantages:

1)      It is has more risk than other change over methods regardless how carefully you conduct testing and training.

2)      It can result from data situations that were not tested or anticipated

3)      Live data typically occurs in much larger volumes than test data.

4)      Detecting minor errors are more difficult

5)      Users can not verify current output by comparing it to output from old system

6)      Major errors can cause system process to terminate abnormally

7)      It can not support to revert to the old system as a backup option

Parallel operation:

This change over method requires that both the old and the new information system operate fully for a specific time period. Data input into both system and output generated by the new system is compared with the equivalent output from old system.

Advantages:

1)      This method has lower risk

2)      If new system doesn’t work correctly then the company can use the old system. as a back up until appropriate changes are made.

3)      It is much easier to verify to variety that the new system is working properly under parallel operation

4)      Output from both systems can be compared and verified during parallel operation.

Disadvantages:

1)      It is the most costly change over method

2)      Users must work in both system and the company might need temporary employee to handle the extra work load.

3)      Running both systems might place a burden on operating environment and cause processing delays.

4)      Parallel operation is not practical if the new system is incompatible technically or if the operating environment can not support both systems.

5)      Parallel operation also in appropriate when the two systems perform different functions  

Pilot Operation:

Pilot Operation is the method which involves implementing complete new system in a selected location of the company

Advantages:

1)      During pilot operation the old system continues t operate for the entire organization including pilot site.

2)      It is a combination of parallel operation and direct cutover methods

3)      This system reduce the risk of system failure when compared with other methods

4)      It is a less expensive

5)      This change over period can be much shorter if the system process successful at the pilot site.

Phased Operation:

The phased operation change over method is a process which allows to implement the new system in stages.

Advantages:

1)      The risk of errors or failures is limited at implemented modules only.

2)      It is less expensive

Disadvantages:

1)      This system can not be separated easily into logical modules or segments.

2)      If the system involves a large number of separate phases phased operation can cost more than a pilot approach.

Rethinking of information systems

Authors: Wendy Currie, Robert, Galliers, Bob Galliers

This book has influential ideas and information with in the management of information. It deals with variety of issues which are being processed in this field. It deals with influential ideas such as socio-technology theory and how the system think It demonstrate new ideas such as Hybrid management, knowledge of workers and out sourcing advantages and disadvantages.

            This context of this book lights on rapid changes in technology. And form link between past and future methods of designing System.

Reference: 

From pages: 24 – 28, 51 – 57 and 71 to 75.

Text Book:Rethinking of information systems (1999 Edition)

Author(s):Wendy Currie, Robert, Galliers, Bob Galliers

Oxford University press

Management Information systems

According to this book the evaluation of information systems development methodologies is becoming increasingly important. And some researchers propose their own criteria for conceptual evaluations. This book tells about how to develop systematic process to evaluate information from systems by using development methodologies.

Based on vast experience of system developers and researchers Authors classified system analysis into three categories: (1) methodology design, (2) methodology use, and (3) methodology deliverables these three categories are not totally separate in that but they represent the meaning and goals of system development methodologies

Reference:

Author(s): keng Siau and Xin Tan

Text Book: Communications of the association for information Systems.

Atlanta 2005, valume-16

Pages: 1-5 & 32-46.

3)

Modeling development methodologies: A conceptual foundation

Author(s): Cesar Gonzalez-Perez, Brian Henderson

This Article show how current modeling approaches often changes from Traditional to Object Oriented methods. Traditional methods are more based on a strong theoretical underpinning, in fact; contain many ill-defined concepts or even contradictions leading to potential misinterpretation.  And shows how modeling in object-oriented contexts is more focused on the use of the Unified Modeling Language (UML)

This Article presents the difference of system development, how the approach to system development is changes from traditional method to modern methods such as software, hardware requirements to design the process of the organization.

Reference:

Author(s): Cesar Gonzalez-Perez, Brian Henderson

Article: The journal of System development, November 2007.

Page numbers: 17 – 32.

Name one way that the traditional and object-orinted approches to infromation systems development are similar. Explain how they are simiar.

To understand business and its operations system analysist use varity of techniques such as modeling, prototyeping and computer aided systems to plan, design and implement information systems where users, manages and IT staff contributes to the system.

                         Modeling is the graphical representaion of process which is used by the developeres to analze, test and modify the information.  Business model discribe the information that a system must provide. and the data model describe data structures and design. An object model discribe the code modules. although all these modules look over laped but they actually work together to describe the same information from diffrent point of views.

                     prototyping is to test of the concept of the system and gives an opportunity to examine input, output and user interface before the final dicision is taken. the disadvantage of this prototyping is importent decisions might be taken too early even before business is undetstood throughly however it is extermly valuable tool in fact- finding.

                   case toolsare very helpful to develop and maintain informatin sysstemiticllay it develop and support wide varity of tool and desigh methodologyes such as structured analysis and object oriented analysis.

Name one way that the traditioanl object-orinted approches to information systems developemnt are different. Explain how they are different.

Diffrent kind of methods are used to develop computer based information systemsucsh as structured analysis and Object oriented analysis.  structured analysis is the most popular method of developing system where as object oriented analysis is widely used to develop the information.

Structured analysis:

Structured analysis is a traditional system of  developinf technique. it is time-tested and easy to understood. it uses series of phases called system development life cycle to plan, design and support information system.

                      structured analysis used to discribe process graphically because it mainly focus on processes that transform data into useful information. called process-centered technique. it also process the data of the organization and it’s structures and data base disign and user interfaces.

process model indetify the data flow into the process to give output data flow.

Object-oriented analysis:

Where as structured analysis processdata and seprates it into smaller components called objects. object oriented model is used to process and operations these objects represent actual people, things trasactions and events.

                An  object is a member of a class which is a collection of similar objects. These objects possess it’s own charatertics called properties, which inherites from its class or process on it’ own.

             Builtin process in Object oriented design are called as method it is used to change proterties of an object. usually one object send information to another object by using message.                 which(message) request for a specific kind of behavior from another object.

              Object-oriented model represent data and behavior to show how objects affect other objects and   Object-oriented methodology most popular methodology because it is flexible, efficient and provide and easy transition of information.

Process name:

 Video renting system

Process number:

1.0

Purpose:

Purpose of this process is to process customer details and identification to get valid customer identification.

Input data flow:

Customer ID, customer details information

Output data flow:

Validate customer Identification

Process description:

Customer order for renting DVD’s and this information is verified.

Note:

 Process 1.0 verify existing customer and register new customer.

Data Dictionary of Process 2:

Process name:

Amount due information

Process number:

2.0

Purpose:

Purpose of this process is to validate customer id and rent details in order to get amount due information.

Input data flow:

Validate customer id, and rent details

Output data flow:

Due amount of ordered DVD

Process description:

Validating customer information, rent details and information of due amount

Note:

Process 2.0 check weather customer is a valid customer and gives information about due amount

Data Dictionary of Process 3:

Process name:

Perform rented and dispatch information

Purpose:

Process ID, get rent details and due amount.

Input data flow:

Customer identification and personal information

Output data flow:

Rent details and dent due information

Process description:

This process gives the information about and rented and dispatched DVDs

Note:

Process 3.0 gives the information about DVDs rented and dispatched

Data Dictionary of process 4:

Process name:

Retrieve video dispatch information

Process number:

4.0

Purpose:

Process the video ID and to get process details

Input data flow:

Video ID and video details

Output data flow:

Video details to customer

Process description:

This process retrieves the information about dispatched goods.

• Document review
• Observation,
• Surveys and
• Questionnaires
• Sampling and
• Rsearch.

  Document review:  

 Documents review helps you in understanding how the current system is supposed to work. But some times it became worst experience and can cause difficulties to Analysist when dealing with forms like modified, discontinued and eliminated.

Information can be gathered by reviewing some blank and completed copies of forms. Documents sampling usually helpful during interviews if the system uses a software package then documents review can be done by system itself.

Observations:

The observation is another fact finding technique in better understanding of the system procedure.

The important thing is that, through observation you might discover that neither the system documentation nor the interview statements are accurate.

Recommendations often are better accepted when they are based on personal observation of actual operations. Observation also can provide the knowledge needed to test or install future change the new system which will help in building relationships with the user who are connected.

            Observation has to prepare well in advance before it being implemented or processed. It can be done by making list of specific task which have to be observed such as forming questions maintaining documents Input, Output and examine each form, record and report to determine the purpose each item of information serves. Consider the user and talk to them who use the information system.

            According to Hawthorne effect (The name come from a well-know study performed in Hawthorne plant in western electric company in 1920) Researchers concluded that productivity seemed to improve whenever the workers know they were being observed.

            But all the time personal observation will not workout smoothly because workers might be nervous during observation. The best option is meeting with workers and their supervisors to establish a good working relationship by which plans and objectives can be implemented effectively. In some cases personal participation in the workplace will give you good understanding of the work environment.

Questionnaires and Surveys:

A questionnaire is also called as Surveys. Questions are a valuable tool in obtaining input from large number of people.

These documents which consist set of questions that can be sent to many people to obtain information about wide range of topic such as job duties, workloads, report received, difficulties and opinion of how job could be perform better or more efficiently.

            A typical questing starts with heading which consist of title, purpose of questions. And contact details of a person and the address to return the form, heading usually gives general instructions about how to fill the form.

Sampling:

 Collection of examples from actual documents is called as a sampling these include records, reports, data entry documents. Complaint summaries, work requests and various types of form

Sampling can be classified as

• Systematic Sampling
• Stratified  Sampling and
• Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling is used to select samples in Systematic manner for an example form 200 complaints of particular department  20 complaints can be taken for review.

Stratified Sampling is used to balance samples geographically. Samples can be taken randomly from actual data in random sampling.

Research:

Research is another important technique of fact-finding. It deals about various ways of collecting information from available resources such as. Internet, IT magazines, and books, technical and new trends in developing

            The information can be collected from professional meeting, seminars, and discussions with IT professionals. This information is very useful in problem solving.

            Research also involves a visit to a physical location, called as Site Visit. This is very important when considering the purchasing of new Software package to excising system.

the main problem with child helath information system is increase of population and decrise of budget.  On the other hand there is no accurate record  of children data such as which children has suffered with which disease and which type of immunization has given and advised to particular and there is no information about what kind of disease a child has had in the past. lastly, there is no system by which childrens can be categerized as normal and underweight.

what information do you need to find out about the Child Health Information to develop a detailed understanding of the current system?

The most importent information which is required to develop the Child Health System effiectively is given below.

Children personal information such as Child identification number, name, age, gender and the information about schooling.

Health Center Information like health center ID and contact details.

And what are the commonly diseases found in children and what kind of vaccines has given by the health center. Lastly, the information about medical visit to child. children weight, disese that the child was dignosed with the severity level of the diagnosed disease on a given visit.